Treating illness by removing body tissue is one of the main treatments for cancer. The surgeon may do a biopsy (remove a small piece of tissue), to confirm the diagnosis of cancer which is then examined in the laboratory.

A�CT scan�or an�MRI�is done to exactly determine the extent of the tumor. During surgery the tumor along with the surrounding tissue is removed

In case if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, a surgical excision would still be performed to remove the major part. A staging is done to work out the size of the cancer and determine its spread to other parts of the body. Staging can be done at the same time as surgery to remove a tumor. This information is used in planning treatment.

Surgery can be used to reconstruct a part of the body, such as creating a new bladder and appearance, such as breast reconstruction after a mastectomy.

In certain cases surgery is used to remove a part of the body, such as breast tissue, that has a significant risk of developing cancer. This is called risk-reducing or prophylactic surgery. If the cancer cannot be completely removed or cured, surgery can sometimes still help by removing a tumor to reduce its effects, such as blockage, discomfort, or other complications. If your cancer has spread by the time that you are diagnosed, then you may not be offered surgery as your main treatment because surgery alone will not cure you.

Depending on the type of cancer that you have, you may be offered a treatment that treats cancer cells throughout the body, such as�chemotherapy, hormonal therapy�and�immunotherapy. Radiotherapy may also be used to help to control cancer that cannot be treated surgically or to reduce the extent of surgery.

The surgeon will aim to obtain a border of healthy tissue, with no cancer cells. It is important because the clear margin makes it much less likely that any cancer cells are left behind. Usually some of the lymph nodes that are nearest to your tumor will also be removed as that is a common place for cancer cells to spread to. A pathologist will judge whether the lymph nodes contain cancer cells. If they do, there may be an increased risk of the cancer coming back in the future, and you may need to have treatment such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy after your operation.

It is not always possible to say that an operation will definitely cure a cancer. The surgeon removes the tumor and a surrounding area (margin) of normal tissue, and although scans may look clear, cells could have broken away from the main tumor and spread to another part of the body before the surgery. These early secondary cancers, called�micro-metastases, may be too small to pick up on a scan. It is because of the potential risk of micro-metastases that other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are sometimes given before or after surgery.Sometimes a surgeon will find during an operation that a cancer cannot be completely removed. Scans do not always give the true picture and surgeons will not always know the extent of the cancer until they operate.

The recovery period will vary depending on the extent of the surgery. As in the case with all surgical procedures, some pain after surgery will be there, but can be controlled by giving painkillers. Good pain control will help you to get up and about as soon as possible. Suitable antibiotics to help prevent infection will be given. Drain tubes placed into the surgical site help to drain away fluid. The amount of fluid draining usually tails off within days and the tubes can then be removed.

• Radiotherapy
  
• Chemotherapy
  
• Pancreatic Cancer�
  
• Spinal Cord Tumors�� etc

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